ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We are indebted to the reviewers of the previous editions for their constructive suggestions new ideas and invaluable advice Special thanks and appreciation goes out to our reviewers Adedoyin Adeyiga Cheyney University of Pennsylvania James E Baxter Harrisburg Area Community College C Eric Boswell Troy University Corina Brown University of Northern Colorado Amy Burks Northeast Mississippi Community College Aslam H Chowdhury University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff Jose DArruda University of North Carolina Pembroke Carlos Ize Tulsa Community College Sapna Jain Alabama State University David Manning Harrisburg Area Community College Gregory E Osborne Northeast State Community College Eddie C Red Morehouse College Alan Rowe Norfolk State University Walid Shihabi Tulsa Community College R Seth Smith Francis Marion University Kevin Storr Prairie View A M University Maria E Tarafa Miami Dade College Keith M Vogelsang Ivy Tech Community College Nicholas L Wolff Lane College Raymond Zich Illinois State University The following individuals helped write and review learning goal oriented content for LearnSmart for Physical Science Stephanie J Slater CAPER Center for Astronomy Physics Education Research Timothy F Slater University of Wyoming Gina Seegers Szablewski University of Wisconsin Milwaukee The authors of the text Stephanie and Timothy Slater revised the PowerPoint Lecture Outlines the Instructors Manual and the Test Bank for the twelfth edition MEET THE AUTHORS BILL W TILLERY Bill W Tillery is professor emeritus of Physics at Arizona State University where he was a member of the faculty from 1973 to 2006 He earned a bachelors degree at Northeastern State University and masters and doctorate degrees from the University of Northern Colorado Before moving to Arizona State University he served as director of the Science and Mathematics Teaching Center at the University of Wyoming and as an assistant professor at Florida State University Bill served on numerous councils boards and committees and he was honored as the Outstanding University Educator at the University of Wyoming He was elected the Outstanding Teacher in the Department of Physics and Astronomy at Arizona State University During his time at Arizona State Bill taught a variety of courses including general education courses in science and xviii PREFACE society physical science and introduction to physics He received more than forty grants from the National Science Foundation the U S Office of Education private industry Arizona Public Service and private foundations The Flinn Foundation for science curriculum development and science teacher in service training In addition to teaching and grant work Bill authored or coauthored more than sixty textbooks and many monographs and served as editor of three separate newsletters and journals STEPHANIE J SLATER Stephanie Slater is the Director of the CAPER Center for Astronomy Physics Education Research After undergraduate studies at Massachusetts Institute of Technology and graduate work at Montana State University Dr Slater earned her Ph D from the University of Arizona in the Department of Teaching Learning and Sociocultural Studies studying how undergraduate research experiences influence the professional career pathways of women scientists Dr Slater was selected as the American Physical Societys Woman Physicist of the Month in December 2013 and received both NASA Top Star and NASA Gold Star Education awards With more than twenty years of teaching experience Dr Slater has written science textbooks for undergraduate classes and books on education research design and methods for graduate courses Her work on educational innovations has been funded by the National Science Foundation and NASA and she has served on numerous science education and outreach committees for the American Association of Physics Teachers the American Physical Society the American Geophysical Union and the American Institute of Physics among others She is also a frequent lecturer at science fiction conventions illustrating how science fiction books television series and movies describe how humans interact at the intersection of science and culture TIMOTHY F SLATER Tim Slater has been the University of Wyoming Excellence in Higher Education Endowed Professor of Science Education since 2008 Prior to joining the faculty at the University of Wyoming he was an astronomer at the University of Arizona from 2001 to 2008 where he was the first professor in the United States to earn tenure in a top ranked Astronomy Department on the basis of his scholarly publication and grant award record in astronomy education research From 1996 to 2001 he was a research professor of physics at Montana State University Dr Slater earned a Ph D at the University of South Carolina an MS at Clemson University and two Bachelors degrees at Kansas State University He is widely known as the professors professor because of the hundreds of college teaching talks and workshops he has given to thousands of professors on innovative teaching methods Dr Slater serves as the Editor in Chief of the Journal of Astronomy Earth Sciences Education and was the initial U S Chairman of the International Year of Astronomy An avid motorcycle rider he is the author of thirteen books has written more than one hundred peer reviewed journal articles and been the recipient of numerous teaching awards ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We are indebted to the reviewers of the previous editions for their constructive suggestions new ideas and invaluable advice Special thanks and appreciation goes out to our reviewers Adedoyin Adeyiga Cheyney University of Pennsylvania James E Baxter Harrisburg Area Community College C Eric Boswell Troy University Corina Brown University of ...Northern Colorado Amy Burks Northeast Mississippi Community College Aslam H Chowdhury University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff Jose DArruda University of North Carolina Pembroke Carlos Ize Tulsa Community College Sapna Jain Alabama State University David Manning Harrisburg Area Community College Gregory E Osborne Northeast State Community College Eddie C Red Morehouse College Alan Rowe Norfolk State University Walid Shihabi Tulsa Community College R Seth Smith Francis Marion University Kevin Storr Prairie View A M University Maria E Tarafa Miami Dade College Keith M Vogelsang Ivy Tech Community College Nicholas L Wolff Lane College Raymond Zich Illinois State University The following individuals helped write and review learning goal oriented content for LearnSmart for Physical Science Stephanie J Slater CAPER Center for Astronomy Physics Education Research Timothy F Slater University of Wyoming Gina Seegers Szablewski University of Wisconsin Milwaukee The authors of the text Stephanie and Timothy Slater revised the PowerPoint Lecture Outlines the Instructors Manual and the Test Bank for the twelfth edition MEET THE AUTHORS BILL W TILLERY Bill W Tillery is professor emeritus of Physics at Arizona State University where he was a member of the faculty from 1973 to 2006 He earned a bachelors degree at Northeastern State University and masters and doctorate degrees from the University of Northern Colorado Before moving to Arizona State University he served as director of the Science and Mathematics Teaching Center at the University of Wyoming and as an assistant professor at Florida State University Bill served on numerous councils boards and committees and he was honored as the Outstanding University Educator at the University of Wyoming He was elected the Outstanding Teacher in the Department of Physics and Astronomy at Arizona State University During his time at Arizona State Bill taught a variety of courses including general education courses in science and xviii PREFACE society physical science and introduction to physics He received more than forty grants from the National Science Foundation the U S Office of Education private industry Arizona Public Service and private foundations The Flinn Foundation for science curriculum development and science teacher in service training In addition to teaching and grant work Bill authored or coauthored more than sixty textbooks and many monographs and served as editor of three separate newsletters and journals STEPHANIE J SLATER Stephanie Slater is the Director of the CAPER Center for Astronomy Physics Education Research After undergraduate studies at Massachusetts Institute of Technology and graduate work at Montana State University Dr Slater earned her Ph D from the University of Arizona in the Department of Teaching Learning and Sociocultural Studies studying how undergraduate research experiences influence the professional career pathways of women scientists Dr Slater was selected as the American Physical Societys Woman Physicist of the Month in December 2013 and received both NASA Top Star and NASA Gold Star Education awards With more than twenty years of teaching experience Dr Slater has written science textbooks for undergraduate classes and books on education research design and methods for graduate courses Her work on educational innovations has been funded by the National Science Foundation and NASA and she has served on numerous science education and outreach committees for the American Association of Physics Teachers the American Physical Society the American Geophysical Union and the American Institute of Physics among others She is also a frequent lecturer at science fiction conventions illustrating how science fiction books television series and movies describe how humans interact at the intersection of science and culture TIMOTHY F SLATER Tim Slater has been the University of Wyoming Excellence in Higher Education Endowed Professor of Science Education since 2008 Prior to joining the faculty at the University of Wyoming he was an astronomer at the University of Arizona from 2001 to 2008 where he was the first professor in the United States to earn tenure in a top ranked Astronomy Department on the basis of his scholarly publication and grant award record in astronomy education research From 1996 to 2001 he was a research professor of physics at Montana State University Dr Slater earned a Ph D at the University of South Carolina an MS at Clemson University and two Bachelors degrees at Kansas State University He is widely known as the professors professor because of the hundreds of college teaching talks and workshops he has given to thousands of professors on innovative teaching methods Dr Slater serves as the Editor in Chief of the Journal of Astronomy Earth Sciences Education and was the initial U S Chairman of the International Year of Astronomy An avid motorcycle rider he is the author of thirteen books has written more than one hundred peer reviewed journal articles and been the recipient of numerous teaching awards